• Conservative Treatment
• Surgical Treatment
• Minimally Invasive Surgical Treatment

Hydration
Hydration has remained the mainstay of any treatment program aimed at preventing kidney stones. Because stones form by the crystallization of one or more substances in the urine which exist in high concentrations, increased fluid intake will likely decrease the chance of stone formation by maintaining a high urinary output and decreasing the likelihood of stone crystallization by diluting the substances within the urine. There are no strict recommendations with regards to the number of glasses of fluid to drink, however, the goal should be to achieve a urine output of greater than two liters per day. Stones that are less than 5 millimeters in size have a high chance (90%) of passing through the urinary tract spontaneously with hydration being the only therapy. Larger stones (>6 millimeters) have a much lower chance of passing on their own and often need surgical intervention.

Diet
Dietary modifications can reduce the chance of stone formation for certain stone types and therefore each patient should seek the advice of their urologist before changing their diet. In general, a diet low in animal protein, sodium, and oxalate can reduce the chance of calcium oxalate stone formation. Foods rich in oxalate include: chocolate, tea, spinach, asparagus, and nuts. A diet rich in fiber is also advised. Patients should not restrict dairy products, but should avoid overindulgence Ǡno more than 3 glasses of milk a day.

Medications
Allopurinol can decrease the formation of uric acid and therefore is often used in patients with uric acid stones. Thiazide diuretics (e.g. hydrochlorothiazide) can decrease calcium concentrations in the urine by promoting its reabsorption by the kidney. Thiazides are useful in some patients with calcium oxalate stones. Citrate is an important inhibitor of stone formation. Administered as potassium citrate, it causes alkalinization of urine (elevates urinary pH) and thus is given to patients with uric acid stones and cystine stones which crystallize at a low urinary pH environment Uric acid stones can often be completely dissolved if adequate alkalinization of urine can be maintained (urinary pH > 7). Citrate can also inhibit the crystallization of calcium in the urine. Oral antibiotic therapy is used in patients with infection stones.